Intro 4 questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Intro 4 questions - Essay Example As a result reformation of penology was formed which saw establishment of gate to sewer in order to improve hygiene of cells. The model incorporated both the New York and Pennsylvania models. Later, Moonachie introduced mark system that aimed at fiving hope to prisoners concerning their future. Following signs of marks model success, Irish model was introduced which advocated for release of prisoners upon attaining satisfactory good behavior. Lastly, Elmira model was introduced to modify Irish model through giving inmates indeterminate sentencing but prisoners had an opportunity to earn early release if their behavior improves (P, 356). Modern prisons are divided into state and federal prisons. The level of security required in prisons mainly depends on potential of prisons to escape i.e. minimum, low medium, maximum and super- maximum. There is difference in these prisons on matters of environment. The state correctional system controls prison farms and camps that are mainly for inmates with low offence. Others include boot camps which are mainly aimed at enabling the inmates to undergo physical conditioning and discipline. Military prisons on the other hand are different from state and federal prisons as it has its own criminal codes. Lastly, co-correctional prisons are those that provide normal prison environment through allowing both women and men to integrate together (p. 367). Jails mainly confine persons who are serving short sentences, person awaiting trial, conviction or sentencing, individual who have violated of their probation, mentally ill persons, person who is under protection e.g. witness or state inmates. Jails have undergone tremendous changes with origin of modern jails being traced back on 1166 and with the first jail having been built in 1650s. Colonial jails had small rooms which could accommodate approximately 30 inmates. At this era inmates had to buy food for on their own. Since then jails have gone through modern

The Relationship between Rhetoric and Social Conflict :: essays research papers

The Relationship between Rhetoric and Social Conflict In society there are daily occurrences that happen as a result of rhetoric, which then question and mold our individuality. How we react to these responses define us as a society and can then cause us to have a conflict socially. These occurrences challenge our perceptions allowing us to think independently about each issue. Without the linkage of rhetoric and conflict, we would have a difficult time justifying our understanding of these issues. A reaction to rhetoric can also characterize us from each other in a way that creates a singular identity. This individuality combined with the identities of others, make up our community and allow rhetoric and conflict to occur almost naturally. To further explain why rhetoric and conflict are so important we must understand the importance of this issue, in trying to relate everyday activities as examples of rhetoric and conflict. Our Society creates certain rhetorical ideologies, which are contained in social institutions, such as churches, communities, or clubs, in which conformity is a must. These ideologies bring people together to stand behind a common interest and fight for their own beliefs, morals, and values. It is when these social institutions collide with each other that social conflict is formed and problems arise. In order to understand the relationship between rhetoric and social conflict one must be able to define these terms adequately. Rhetoric is the ability to use words effectively in order to receive a response that is either positive or negative. To create a positive response, a person might appeal to the emotions of another who is sympathetic to the situation or who is currently involved with the same experience. They may use familiar experiences and memories to help the response take its shape. An example of this would be in the article ' The Cigarette as Representational Ideograph in the Debate over Environmental Tobacco Smoke'; by Mark Moore. Moore describes both sides of this controversy of smoker and antismoker rights, but when reading this article both sides are conformed to their own beliefs and support them quite well. 'Smokers discuss their rights as an American and their right to liberty, while anti-smoking activists talk about the hazards of second hand smoke discovered by scientific knowledge'; (Moore 48). The ideas of both sides make up an ideology, which is expressed over and over again through their justifications. Only a smoker can sympathize with a fellow smoker when explaining the right to be able to smoke in public.

As I Lay Dying Analysis Essay

February 18, 2013 Duty is a Four Letter Word with a Three Character Meaning In William Faulkner’s As I Lay Dying, the Bundrens sacrifice a great deal to lay Addie in her final resting place at Jefferson. They obediently follow her burial orders despite the hardships along the way because of the moral obligation they have to their mother and wife. These ignorant people may not have had the task of taking their father’s place in the Chinese army and fending off the Huns to defend the emperor, they just had to get to one place with a coffin. However, the size of the sacrifice does not matter because duty is duty.Helen Keller once said, â€Å"I long to accomplish a great and noble task, but it is my chief duty to accomplish small tasks as if they were great and noble. † This quote emphasizes the theme of duty in As I Lay Dying because even though the endeavor of taking their deceased family member to her home town was not an enormous achievement for the sake of manki nd, it still significantly mattered to the Bundrens. Duty is considerably expressed by the characters Dewey Dell, Darl and Jewel. Dewey Dell makes a striking introduction into the minds of the reader when questions arise like â€Å"Why does she keep talking about cakes? to â€Å"Is this character a woman? † Faulkner first epitomizes Dewey Dell as the annoying girl who sat fanning her mother for days, not letting Addie get a break or the others a proper chance to say goodbye to their mother or wife. She slowly transforms into a more mature and astute character when Addie dies and she is forced right away to perform her duties as the woman of the house. Faulkner writes, â€Å"Pa looks down at the face, at the black sprawl of Dewey Dell’s hair, the out-flung arms, the clutched fan now motionless on the fading quilt. â€Å"I reckon you better get supper on,† he says. Dewey Dell does not move. † But she does move.She gets up and makes supper and the audience also sees a motherly role thrust upon Dewey Dell in two ways. One of which is through her unexpected pregnancy and the other is in how she has to take care of young Vardaman from then on. Cash, Anse or Jewel would not care about the wellbeing of Vardaman and so Dewey Dell has to watch the â€Å"baby† of the family. She also exemplifies duty in her pregnancy by how alone she has to face the consequences. With a small bit of money from Lafe, she must go to drugstore after drugstore, quietly begging the pharmacist to get her the poson she is desperate for with the quiet of her eyes.Faulkner seems to think that it is not a 50/50 split in responsibility between Lafe and Dewey Dell as he imposes duty on her so much as to even fall into the hands of such scum as MacGowan. Another character Faulkner instills duty on is Darl. Darl feels like it is his responsibility to keep track of every one. Unlike Dewey Dell or Jewel, he is incapable of interacting and participating in the family t he way they do, but he contributes to duty in other means. He stayed on the farm and helped out his mother and father until the years grew by and he turned thirty.He fulfilled his duty by helping out his parents for longer than should have been allowed, even prompting Cora Tull to say, â€Å"Maybe Cash and Darl can get married now. † His mother had taken over his life but his spite towards her and her fiendish ways could not distract Darl from doing his duty and helping get Addie to Jefferson. The final Faulkner bombards with duty is Jewel. As one of the youngest siblings yet so close to manhood, Jewel was stuck in a transaction of being his mother’s favorite to proving to his brothers he was a tough and serious person.For some reason, it always seemed to be Jewel’s duty to rescue his coffin-confined mother. When Addie lets loose in the water, Jewel has to be the one to save her because Cash could not swim, Vardaman was too small, Anse was a careless brute and s he slipped right out of Darl’s reach. Then again, when the Gillespie barn begins to flare bright with flames, Jewel is the one to throw himself into the barn to ger her out. He even does more than that, helping the men find the cow and get it to come outside.In saving Addie, he sacrifices much more than exhaustion this time, suffering as described by this passage, â€Å"His back was red. Dewey Dell put the medicine on it. The medicine was made out of butter and soot, to draw out the fire. Then his back was black. † Jewel’s purpose in As I lay Dying is to salvage his mother time and time again even though he does not want to. He never returned his mother’s affections and barely acknowledged her yet in her death he developed a sense of duty to his mother because he knew subconsciously that he was probably the only stable ‘Bundren’ left.William Faulkner’s As I lay Dying portrays the theme of duty in a very distinct and barely comprehendib le way. His stream-of-consciousness narrations from the characters of Dewey Dell, Darl and Jewel plainly bring out the underlying forms of duty these siblings elicit. Even though some duties are larger than others as noticed by the quote, â€Å"I long to accomplish a great and noble task, but it is my chief duty to accomplish small tasks as if they were great and noble,† by Helen Keller, other tasks have to be achieved not for the sake of size but for the sake of duty to others.

What Is the Slope of the Aggregate Demand Curve

Students learn in microeconomics that the demand curve for a good, which shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity of the good that consumers demand- i.e. are willing, ready, and able to purchase- has a negative slope. This negative slope reflects the observation that people demand more of almost all goods when they gets cheaper and vice versa.  This is known as the law of demand. The Aggregate Demand Curve in Macroeconomics In contrast, the aggregate demand curve used in macroeconomics shows the relationship between the overall (i.e. average) price level in an economy, usually represented by the GDP Deflator, and the total amount of all goods demanded in an economy. Note that goods in this context technically refers to both goods and services. Specifically, the aggregate demand curve shows real GDP, which, in equilibrium, represents both total output and total income in an economy, on its horizontal axis. Technically, in the context of aggregate demand, the Y on the horizontal axis represents aggregate expenditure.  As it turns out, the aggregate demand curve also slopes downwards, giving a similar negative relationship between price and quantity that exists with the demand curve for a single good. The reason that the aggregate demand curve has a negative slope, however, is quite different. In a lot of cases, people consume less of a particular good when its price increases because they have an incentive to substitute away to other goods that have become relatively less expensive as a result of the price increase. On an aggregate level, however, this is somewhat difficult to do- though not totally impossible, since consumers can substitute away to imported goods in some situations. Therefore, the aggregate demand curve must slope downwards for different reasons. In fact, there are three reasons why the aggregate demand curve exhibits this pattern: the wealth effect, the interest-rate effect, and the exchange-rate effect. The Wealth Effect When the overall price level in an economy decreases, consumers purchasing power increases, since every dollar they have goes further than it used to. On a practical level, this increase in purchasing power is similar to an increase in wealth, so it shouldnt be surprising that an increase in purchasing power makes consumers want to consume more. Since consumption is a component of GDP (and therefore a component of aggregate demand), this increase in purchasing power caused by a reduction in the price level leads to an increase in aggregate demand. Conversely, an increase in the overall price level decreases the purchasing power of consumers, making them feel less wealthy, and therefore decreases the number of goods that consumers want to purchase, leading to a decrease in aggregate demand. The Interest-Rate Effect While it is true that lower prices encourage consumers to increase their consumption, it is often the case that case that this increase in the number of goods purchased still leaves consumers with more money left over than they had before. This leftover money is then saved and lent out to companies and households for investment purposes. The market for loanable funds responds to the forces of supply and demand just like any other market, and the price of loanable funds is the real interest rate. Therefore, the increase in consumer saving results in an increase in the supply of loanable funds, which decreases the real interest rate and increases the level of investment in the economy. Since investment is a category of GDP (and therefore a component of aggregate demand), a decrease in the price level leads to an increase in aggregate demand. Conversely, an increase in the overall price level tends to decrease the amount that consumers save, which lowers the supply of savings, raises the real interest rate, and lowers the quantity of investment. This decrease in investment leads to a decrease in aggregate demand. The Exchange-Rate Effect Since net exports (i.e. the difference between exports and imports in an economy) is a component of GDP (and therefore aggregate demand), its important to think about the effect that a change in the overall price level has on the levels of imports and exports. In order to examine the effect of price changes on imports and exports, however, we need to understand the impact of an absolute change in the price level on relative prices between different countries. When the overall price level in an economy decreases, the interest rate in that economy tends to decline, as explained above. This decline in the interest rate makes saving via domestic assets look less attractive compared to saving via assets in other countries, so demand for foreign assets increases. In order to purchase these foreign assets, people need to exchange their dollars (if the U.S. is the home country, of course) for foreign currency. Like most other assets, the price of currency (i.e. the exchange rate) is determined by the forces of supply and demand, and an increase in demand for foreign currency increases the price of foreign currency. This makes domestic currency relatively cheaper (i.e. the domestic currency depreciates), meaning that the decrease in the price level not only reduces prices in an absolute sense but also reduces prices relative to the exchange-rate adjusted price levels of other countries. This decrease in the relative price level makes domestic goods cheaper than they were before for foreign consumers. The currency depreciation also makes imports more expensive for domestic consumers than they were before. Not surprisingly, then, a decrease in the domestic price level increases the number of exports and decreases the number of imports, resulting in an increase in net exports. Because net exports is a category of GDP (and therefore a component of aggregate demand), a decrease in the price level leads to an increase in aggregate demand. Conversely, an increase in the overall price level will increase interest rates, causing foreign investors to demand more domestic assets and, by extension, increase the demand for dollars. This increase in demand for dollars makes dollars more expensive (and foreign currency less expensive), which discourages exports and encourages imports. This decreases net exports and, as a result, decreases aggregate demand.